The New York Culture: Democracy at risk: how demagoguery threatens our future

A call to reflect on the importance of preserving democratic values against manipulation and populism

In a world where sweet words can hide bitter intentions, protecting democracy from demagoguery is more than a choice—it is a duty for all of us.

Democracy, one of the pillars of modern societies, is like a lush tree: its roots need constant care to flourish and bear fruit. Since its origins in Ancient Greece, where citizens gathered in agoras to debate and decide the fate of their cities, democracy has established itself as a system that values participation, equality, and freedom. However, this tree is under constant threat from demagoguery, a practice that, with exaggerated promises and fiery speeches, seeks to win hearts and minds without commitment to truth or the common good. Demagoguery, often disguised as populism, is a force that can erode the foundations of democracy, manipulating emotions and diverting focus from essential issues. This article explores why it is crucial to protect democracy from this evil, bringing historical lessons, inspiring examples, and practical tools so that every citizen can do their part.

History teaches us that demagoguery is not a new phenomenon. In Ancient Greece, orators like Cleon in Athens used passionate speeches to gain popular support, often without offering viable or ethical solutions. Centuries later, figures like Nelson Mandela show us the opposite: leaders who, instead of promising the impossible, inspired with concrete actions and commitment to truth. Mandela, in his fight against apartheid in South Africa, demonstrated that true democracy is built with dialogue, inclusion, and sacrifice, not empty promises. Recent studies, such as those published in the Journal of Democracy (2023), indicate that demagoguery flourishes in times of crisis, when distrust in institutions grows and the population seeks quick answers. Protecting democracy, therefore, requires us to recognize the signs of demagoguery and strengthen our ability to think critically.

Curiosity Box: The word "demagoguery" comes from the Greek "demos" (people) and "agogos" (leader). Originally, it meant simply leading the people, but over time it came to describe manipulation through popular speeches.

Demagoguery often masquerades as a solution to the people’s problems, but its effects are devastating. Careerist politicians, who prioritize their own image and wealth, use demagogic strategies to win votes while neglecting effective public policies. A striking example is the use of unrealistic promises, such as “jobs for all” or “instant prosperity,” which crumble when confronted with reality. Studies conducted by political science research centers, such as those published in the American Political Science Review (2024), show that demagogic leaders tend to weaken democratic institutions, concentrating power and undermining public trust. To combat this, it is essential that citizens learn to distinguish between realistic proposals and speeches that merely inflame emotions.

Practical Tip: Before supporting a leader or proposal, ask: “What data or evidence supports this promise?” Seek reliable sources, such as reports from independent organizations, to assess whether the speech is feasible.

In Brazil, cultural and educational production has offered powerful tools to confront demagoguery, and a notable example is the work of Antônio Carlos dos Santos. His Education, Theater, and Democracy Collection, composed of four books, uses theater as a means to educate and raise awareness. In particular, the third book, Who Tries to Please Everyone, Pleases No One, addresses demagoguery in an accessible and engaging way. The play, centered on a merchant who tries to sell his donkey by pleasing everyone, reflects on values such as truth, honesty, and integrity. Through a simple narrative, Antônio Carlos invites the audience to reflect on how the pursuit of universal approval can lead to the loss of ethical principles. This approach, combining art and education, is an example of how culture can strengthen democracy.

Inspiring Story: Malala Yousafzai, the young Pakistani who survived a Taliban attack for defending the right to education, is a symbol of resistance to manipulation and oppression. Her peaceful struggle, based on facts and the defense of human rights, shows that it is possible to inspire change without resorting to demagogic promises.

Theater, as highlighted in Antônio Carlos’s work, is a powerful tool for educating about democracy. His methodologies, such as MAT (Mindset, Action, and Theater), ThM (Theater Movement), and MBPT (Mané Beiçudo Puppet Theater), promote critical thinking and active participation. MAT, for example, combines reflections on mindset with practical actions and theatrical performances, allowing young people and adults to explore ethical dilemmas dynamically. Meanwhile, MBPT uses puppets to create narratives that deconstruct manipulative discourses, making political education fun and accessible. These methodologies, applied in schools and communities, show that theater can be a space of resistance to demagoguery, teaching democratic values in a practical and engaging way.

Motivational Quote: “Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself.” – John Dewey

Protecting democracy also requires cultivating a culture of active participation. The story of Martin Luther King Jr., who mobilized millions in the United States for racial equality, reminds us that democracy is not a guaranteed gift but a daily conquest. King faced leaders who used divisive speeches to maintain power, showing that true leadership lies in defending ethical principles, even in the face of adversity. Studies from the European Journal of Political Research (2024) reinforce that societies with greater civic engagement, such as participation in community associations or public debates, are more resilient to demagoguery. Thus, every citizen has a role to play, whether by voting consciously or engaging in community discussions.

Curiosity Box: In Ancient Greece, theater was more than entertainment; it was a form of civic education. Plays like those of Sophocles discussed ethical and political dilemmas, encouraging the audience to reflect on society.

Demagoguery thrives where there is disinformation. Therefore, education is one of the greatest weapons against it. Antônio Carlos dos Santos’s collection not only entertains but also teaches young people and adults to question simplistic narratives. The play Who Tries to Please Everyone, Pleases No One uses the story of a merchant to illustrate how a lack of integrity leads to failure. This message is especially relevant in a world where social media amplifies polarized discourses. Recent research, such as that published in Nature Communications (2025), shows that the spread of disinformation on social media is directly linked to the success of demagogic leaders. Educating for critical thinking, therefore, is an essential antidote.

Practical Tip: Join discussion groups in your community or school to debate political issues. Use theater, as suggested by Antônio Carlos, to create spaces where everyone can express their ideas and learn from others.

Democracy is a fragile but resilient system when its citizens are vigilant. History shows us that, even in times of crisis, it is possible to overcome demagoguery with education, dialogue, and collective action. Figures like Desmond Tutu, who fought for reconciliation in post-apartheid South Africa, inspire us to believe that truth and justice can prevail. Tutu did not promise miracles but worked tirelessly for unity, showing that democracy strengthens when everyone takes responsibility for it. Antônio Carlos’s methodologies, such as ThM, encourage this same spirit of collaboration, using theater as a bridge to unite people around democratic values.

Inspiring Story: Rosa Parks, with her courageous act of refusing to give up her seat on a segregated bus, showed that small gestures can challenge oppressive systems and inspire democratic change. Her story reminds us that every citizen has the power to make a difference.

Finally, protecting democracy from demagoguery is a call to action for all of us. It is not enough to vote; we must be informed, engaged, and committed to the values of truth, justice, and equality. Antônio Carlos dos Santos’s Education, Theater, and Democracy Collection offers a creative and accessible path to educate new generations about these values. His plays and methodologies invite us to reflect, act, and dream of a stronger and fairer democracy. As Lev Vygotsky said, “learning is most effective when it is a shared experience.” May we, together, use education, art, and dialogue to protect our democracy and build a future where demagoguery has no place.

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