sábado, 21 de dezembro de 2024

Aristotle's Theatre


   Western theatre has its roots deeply planted in the fertile soil of ancient Greece, and few names are as emblematic in this context as Aristotle. 

Although Aristotle is widely known as a philosopher, his influence on theatre is monumental, especially through his work Poetics. In it, he establishes the foundations of tragedy, defining the essential elements that would shape Western theatre for centuries. This article aims to explore Aristotle's impact on theatre, revealing how his ideas continue to resonate on contemporary stages and inspire a deeper understanding of dramatic art.

In Poetics, Aristotle defines tragedy as an imitation of a serious and complete action, with ornate language and dramatic effects, intended to provoke catharsis, an emotional purification in the audience. For Aristotle, tragedy was not merely entertainment but a means of exploring the depths of human emotions, such as fear and pity, providing the viewer with an opportunity for reflection and emotional relief. This idea of catharsis remains a driving force behind many theatrical works, from Shakespearean drama to modern films, which aim not only to entertain but also to provoke a profound emotional response.

Aristotle also describes the six elements of tragedy: plot, characters, thought, diction, melody, and spectacle. Of these, plot is the most important, as he believes that the structure of the story determines the impact of the play. The concept of a well-constructed plot he proposes, with a clear beginning, middle, and end, is the foundation of dramatic narrative to this day. Consider how modern films and plays, such as The Godfather or Hamlet, use this structure to build tensions and resolutions that captivate the audience. The plot, for Aristotle, was the key to eliciting emotional engagement, and his vision still shapes the way we create and consume narratives.

However, Aristotle did not limit himself to theorizing about the structure of theatre; he was also a keen observer of human nature. In his observations on characters, he emphasized the importance of creating figures that are realistic and believable. For him, characters must have flaws and virtues that make them human and relatable to the audience. This principle can be seen in great playwrights throughout history, from Sophocles and Euripides to Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller, who create characters so complex that we can see ourselves in them. This humanization of theatre allowed the audience not only to observe the action on stage but also to connect emotionally with it.

One of the most fascinating aspects of Aristotle's work is his analysis of tragic conflict. He believed that tragedy arises from the hero's error or flaw (hamartia), which leads to their misfortune. This concept is illustrated iconically in Sophocles' tragedy Oedipus Rex, where the protagonist, in his quest for truth, ends up discovering his own guilt. The notion that heroes are often responsible for their own fate, due to character flaws, is one of the central ideas Aristotle left for theatre. And this concept echoes in countless modern narratives, where we see characters struggling against their own internal limitations.

Furthermore, Aristotle was a pioneer in the idea that theatre should be a reflection of reality, but not an exact copy. He advocated for mimesis, or imitation of life, but with an artistic touch that elevated the audience's experience. This paved the way for theatre to be not only a window into the world but also a form of philosophical reflection on existence. The idea that theatre can imitate life while also offering a new perspective is something that has influenced directors, writers, and actors over the centuries. Contemporary works, such as those of Samuel Beckett, for example, use this duality by creating worlds that, while surreal, powerfully reflect human anxieties.

Interestingly, Aristotle had a practical view of theatre, seeing it as a tool for education and not just entertainment. He believed that theatre could teach the audience about virtue and vice, exploring the consequences of human actions. For him, theatre was a form of philosophy in action, where spectators could learn by observing the characters' mistakes and successes. This is something that resonates in modern productions that seek to challenge and educate the audience, such as the politically charged works of Bertolt Brecht or the social reflections of August Wilson. Aristotle, therefore, paved the way for theatre as a means of social and personal transformation.

However, Aristotle was also a man of his time, and his ideas were not without criticism. He considered comedy to be an inferior form of art, viewing it as an imitation of characters worse than reality, in contrast to tragedy, which elevated the human spirit. This view reflected the cultural priorities of the time, which valued seriousness and moral virtue. But over time, comedy evolved to become a powerful force in theatre, challenging norms and subverting expectations. Contemporary comedy, in many ways, builds on the foundations established by Aristotelian tragedy, but with a twist that exposes society's flaws in a light-hearted yet incisive manner.

Although Aristotle never wrote a play, his impact on the history of theatre is undeniable. His deep analysis of the elements of tragedy helped define what we consider quality theatre to this day. He set a standard that playwrights continue to follow, question, and reinvent. And by examining the human condition with such philosophical rigor, he reminded us of theatre's power to confront us with life's deepest questions.

The relevance of Aristotelian theatre is evident in many current productions that continue to use his principles to create exciting and engaging narratives. From Shakespeare to Almodóvar, through Hollywood and Broadway theatres, Aristotle's ideas about tragedy, mimesis, and catharsis remain fundamental in crafting stories that not only entertain but also lead us to reflect on ourselves and the world around us.

Aristotle's legacy in theatre, therefore, goes beyond his philosophical theories. He offers us a lens through which we can better understand the transformative power of theatre. By following his principles and continuing to explore and expand upon them, we can ensure that theatre remains a vital force in society, capable of touching hearts and minds for generations to come. 

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sexta-feira, 20 de dezembro de 2024

Why is the interaction of folklore with early childhood education fundamental?

 

Folklore is a fundamental part of popular culture and plays a strategic role in early childhood education.

By introducing children to legends, myths and cultural traditions, educators can foster richer and more diverse learning, as well as stimulate imagination, creativity and an understanding of moral and ethical values. In this article, we will explore the importance of folklore in early childhood education, highlighting six fascinating legends: Beast Beast, Papa Figo, Cabra Cabriola, Boi Tatá, Matinta-Perêra and Mulher da Meia Noite.

1. Beast Beast

The legend of the Beast Beast, also known as the Beast-Beast, originates from Brazilian folklore, especially in the rural regions of the Northeast. The Beast Beast is described as a monstrous creature, half man and half animal, that haunts deserted roads at night. It is often depicted with glowing red eyes, sharp claws and a terrifying roar that echoes through the forest.

Characteristics and History:

The story of the Beast is often used to teach children about the dangers of disobeying their parents and venturing out alone at night. It is a legend that, despite being scary, has an important educational purpose: to keep children safe and aware of the risks around them.

2. Papa Figo

The legend of Papa Figo is one of the most intriguing and feared in Brazilian folklore, especially in the North and Northeast. Papa Figo is a sinister character who, according to legend, is a sick old man who needs to eat human liver to cure himself of a terrible disease. He is described as a ragged and frightening figure who roams the streets looking for his victims.

Characteristics and History:

This legend is used to teach children about the importance of hygiene and health care. The fear of Papa Figo also serves to warn about the dangers of talking to strangers and leaving the house without permission. It is a way of instilling prudence and self-care in children.

3. Cabra Cabriola

The Cabra Cabriola is a mythological figure from Northeastern folklore, portrayed as a demonic goat that captures and devours disobedient children. Legend has it that Cabra Cabriola appears at night to punish those who do not obey their parents or who misbehave.

Characteristics and History:

This story is often told to discipline and encourage good behavior among children. In addition to being a frightening narrative, it serves as a reminder of the consequences of unruly acts, encouraging obedience and respect for the rules.

4. Boi Tatá

The Boi Tatá is a legend of indigenous origin and is known as a fire serpent that protects forests and animals. According to legend, Boi Tatá appears to punish those who cause damage to nature, especially arsonists and deforesters. He is seen as a guardian of the environment.

Characteristics and History:

The legend of Boi Tatá is a powerful tool for teaching children about the importance of environmental preservation and respect for nature. By incorporating this legend into classes, educators can promote ecological awareness and environmental responsibility from an early age.

5. Matinta-Perêra

Matinta-Perêra is a folkloric figure from the Amazon region, described as an old witch who transforms into a nocturnal bird. During the night, she emits a terrifying whistle and visits people's homes to ask for tobacco. Those who do not heed her are cursed with misfortune.

Characteristics and History:

The legend of Matinta-Perêra is used to teach about respect for the elderly and generosity. It is a narrative that can be explored to discuss the importance of helping others and treating everyone with dignity and respect, regardless of their appearance or conditions.

6. Midnight Woman

The Midnight Woman is an urban legend popular in several regions of Brazil. She is described as a ghostly woman who appears at midnight to haunt unfaithful and dishonest men. She is often seen dressed in white, wandering the dark and deserted streets.

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quinta-feira, 19 de dezembro de 2024

Aristophanes, the Icon of Greek Comedy


   Aristophanes, born around 447 BC, is widely recognized as one of the greatest playwrights of ancient Greek comedy, a literary genius who skillfully blended humor, social critique, and political commentary in a unique way.

His plays not only entertained but also provided profound reflections on Athenian society, its values, and the tensions of his time. To truly appreciate Aristophanes' significance, we must look at both the historical context in which he lived and the lasting legacy he left in comedy and theater.

Athens, in the 5th century BC, was the cultural and intellectual center of the Greek world, marked by democracy, flourishing philosophy, and constant wars, such as the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC). Aristophanes lived during this turbulent period, and his works reflect the complex social and political dynamics of his time. Through his comedy, he addressed themes such as political corruption, war, education, and justice, using laughter as a tool to provoke thought. A classic example of this political satire is his play The Knights, where he openly mocks Cleon, a prominent Athenian political leader.

Among his most famous works is Lysistrata, a comedy in which a group of women refuses to engage in sexual relations with their husbands until they make peace and end the war. The humor here is obvious and light-hearted, but Aristophanes was, in fact, making a powerful statement about the irrationality of war. Lysistrata has become a lasting symbol of pacifism, referenced in various modern anti-war campaigns. His ability to use humor to address such serious themes is a testament to his genius as a playwright.

Another key play by Aristophanes is The Clouds, where he satirizes the philosophy and education of his time, especially the Socratic method. In the play, Socrates is depicted as a cynical and manipulative sophist, a portrayal that, while caricatured, reflects the intellectual tensions of ancient Athens. The Clouds reminds us that humor, besides being a form of entertainment, can be a powerful tool for questioning norms and challenging the status quo. In fact, the play caused such controversy that, according to reports, Socrates himself was deeply offended by how he was portrayed.

Aristophanes was also a master of theatrical innovation. His plays did not follow a rigid structure, and he often broke the "fourth wall," speaking directly to the audience or using the chorus in unconventional ways to comment on the events of the play. One of his most creative works in this regard is The Birds, where he imagines a world where birds dominate the sky and create a new city, free from the problems of human society. This play is an example of Aristophanes' visionary nature, who used comedy not just to criticize but also to dream of utopian alternatives.

Beyond his immediate impact on Athenian society, Aristophanes' legacy has transcended generations. His influence is evident in many forms of modern comedy, from Molière's theater to the political satires we see on television. The essence of Aristophanes' humor—the use of irony, absurdity, and social critique—strongly resonates in contemporary works. For example, shows like The Daily Show or Saturday Night Live use humor to address political issues, a technique Aristophanes popularized more than two thousand years ago.

Although Aristophanes' comedies were often directly tied to the events and characters of his time, they carry universal themes. Corruption, the madness of war, and the tensions between the individual and society are timeless issues that continue to resonate today. That is why, when we study his plays, we are not just exploring the history of comedy but also reflecting on issues that still affect us. Peace, another of his works, illustrates this timelessness, where the playwright humorously imagines a farmer who, tired of war, travels to the heavens in search of Peace, represented as a goddess who is imprisoned.

Interestingly, Aristophanes also stood out for his ability to challenge social conventions and subvert traditional roles. In The Assemblywomen, he portrays women taking control of Athenian politics, a radical idea for his time. Once again, Aristophanes shows us that humor can be a way of exploring new social and political possibilities, questioning established norms in an accessible and fun way. The play anticipates discussions about gender equality that are still relevant today.

Despite the comedic tone, Aristophanes' plays also expressed genuine concern for the fate of Athens and the Greek world. His work reflects a deep love for his city and Greek culture, but also a frustration with the human failings that hindered progress. Aristophanes' humor was, in many ways, a way of dealing with these frustrations and provoking change through collective reflection.

Aristophanes' legacy is a testament to the transformative power of comedy. He teaches us that laughter can be a powerful form of resistance, critique, and imagination. His works continue to be performed and studied around the world, inspiring generations of comedians, writers, and thinkers. If there is one thing we can learn from Aristophanes, it is that comedy, even in the darkest situations, can provide us not only with relief but also with a new way of seeing the world.

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quarta-feira, 18 de dezembro de 2024

Euripides' theatre and the female soul

 


   Euripides, one of the great playwrights of Ancient Greece, born in Salamis around 480 BCE, was a revolutionary in his portrayal of the human condition on stage.

His work stands out not only for its psychological depth but, above all, for its focus on the female soul. In a male-dominated society where women had little or no public presence, Euripides dared to give voice to female figures in his tragedies. Characters like Medea, Phaedra, and Andromache are not just supporting roles; they are the protagonists of their own stories, revealing the complexities of the human condition.

Euripides' work was marked by a sensitivity that was uncommon to many of his contemporaries. Unlike his predecessors such as Aeschylus and Sophocles, he portrayed women with a psychological depth that defied the conventions of the time. His work showed that women were not just passive figures or victims of fate, but individuals with intense emotions, intelligence, and, in many cases, a sense of justice of their own. The most emblematic example of this approach is the play Medea, where the protagonist, betrayed by Jason, not only laments her situation but makes drastic decisions to avenge her husband.

Medea is one of Euripides' most famous tragedies and undoubtedly one of his most impactful works. In it, we see a woman who, after being abandoned by her husband for another woman, decides to punish her traitor in the most painful way possible: by killing her own children. Medea's emotional intensity, her rage, and her suffering are portrayed so viscerally that the play continues to resonate with audiences today. Euripides does not present her as a pure villain but as a tragic figure, driven by internal and external forces that lead her to extreme actions. In doing so, he invites the audience to reflect on the consequences of oppression and betrayal, especially for women.

Euripides' approach in Medea is not isolated in his work. Other plays, such as The Trojan Women and Hippolytus, also place women at the center of the stage, dealing with themes such as revenge, loss, and power. In The Trojan Women, for example, Euripides depicts the suffering of the women of Troy after the city's fall, exploring the impact of war on women and children. These characters are not merely passive victims; they demonstrate resilience, pain, and, in some cases, surprising strength in the face of adversity. This pioneering approach by Euripides can be seen as one of the earliest feminist representations in Western theatre, even though the term "feminism" did not exist at the time.

From a psychological perspective, Euripides' female characters reflect a deep understanding of human nature. Their emotions are complex and multifaceted, which gives them a humanity that transcends time. Medea, for example, is a character who encapsulates the paradox of the human condition: while she is capable of deep love, she is also capable of devastating hatred. Psychologically, this can be interpreted as a manifestation of Freud's theory of the life and death drives, where the most primal impulses coexist within a single person.

Moreover, Euripides' work reveals a critical view of the role of women in Greek society. He challenges social and political norms by portraying women who are more than obedient wives and mothers. In Hippolytus, for example, Queen Phaedra struggles with her forbidden desires and the shame associated with them, resulting in a personal tragedy. Here, Euripides explores the conflict between desire and morality, a theme that continues to be relevant in modern discussions of gender and sexuality.

Interestingly, despite his innovative approach, Euripides was often criticized by his contemporaries. He was considered a "misogynist" by some, while others accused him of giving too much power to women in his plays. These criticisms highlight how radical his vision was for the time. However, it is precisely this boldness that has made his works so enduring. He was unafraid to tackle taboo subjects, and his willingness to explore the depths of the female soul sets him apart from other playwrights of his era.

Euripides' legacy in representing women in theatre is immense. His characters continue to be studied and reinterpreted, and his plays are frequently performed on stages around the world. The emotional strength of his female characters transcends cultures and eras, showing that, despite historical differences, the human experience is universal. Medea, in particular, remains one of the most performed and adapted tragedies in the history of theatre, with versions ranging from cinema to opera.

In today's world, where issues of gender and female empowerment are widely discussed, Euripides' works offer a perspective that still resonates deeply. He reminds us that women's stories are powerful and deserve to be told. By giving voice to these characters at a time when women were often silenced, Euripides not only created some of the most emotionally charged tragedies in literature but also paved the way for a richer and more complex representation of women in theatre and art in general.

In sum, Euripides' theatre not only revealed the female soul in all its complexity but also challenged the social and literary conventions of his time. His female characters continue to inspire, teach, and provoke reflection, highlighting the importance of giving voice to female experiences. Through his plays, he invites us to explore the depths of the human being, regardless of gender, and to reflect on the universal emotions and dilemmas that we all face.

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terça-feira, 17 de dezembro de 2024

Sophocles


   Sophocles, one of the most illustrious playwrights of Ancient Greece, is often mentioned alongside Aeschylus and Euripides, forming the triad of great tragedians of classical theater.

However, what makes Sophocles a unique genius among these giants of Greek literature? His life, work, and legacy not only define his prominent position but also reveal profound lessons about human nature and the transformative power of theater. Exploring his trajectory between his predecessors and contemporaries, we understand how Sophocles not only inherited the dramatic tradition from Aeschylus but also decisively influenced the modern vision of theater, even in contemporary methodologies like ThM – Theater Movement.

Born in 497 BCE in Colonus, a small village near Athens, Sophocles grew up in a culturally rich and vibrant environment. The city-state of Athens was at its peak, both militarily and culturally, offering fertile ground for creativity and innovation. From a young age, Sophocles demonstrated extraordinary talent in the arts, excelling not only in writing but also in music and acting. At the age of 28, he won his first dramatic competition, surpassing Aeschylus, then the most prominent name in Greek theater. This victory would mark the beginning of a career that would produce around 120 plays, of which only seven have survived to us.

Sophocles' style is distinctly different from that of Aeschylus. While Aeschylus is known for his grandiose themes and emphasis on fate and divine intervention, Sophocles humanizes drama, focusing on the internal conflicts of his characters and the moral complexities they face. In works like "Oedipus Rex" and "Antigone," he explores deep questions about fate, guilt, and justice, often presenting characters who find themselves in ethical dilemmas with no apparent resolution. Sophocles creates tragic figures that are immensely human, dealing with their flaws and emotions in a way that resonates even today.

The strength of Sophocles' tragedies lies in his ability to combine universal themes with an intense psychological exploration. He understood, perhaps better than any other playwright of his time, that true tragedy lies not in grand events but in the small choices and the consequences those choices bring. In "Oedipus Rex," for instance, the inevitability of fate is contrasted with Oedipus's attempts to escape his destiny, creating a deeply emotional narrative that challenges the audience to reflect on their own lives and decisions. It is this emphasis on human psychology that made Sophocles a precursor to modern dramaturgy.

It is interesting to note that despite his genius, Sophocles was also a man deeply involved in his community. Besides his work in theater, he held various public offices in Athens, including the position of strategos, a high-ranking military post. This practical experience in the real world, combined with his artistic sensibility, gave Sophocles a unique perspective on human behavior and power relations, which he masterfully incorporated into his plays. The combination of artistic vision and political experience made him not just a playwright but a true social thinker.

Among his contemporaries, Euripides also stood out as an innovator, known for his more radical approaches and questioning of social norms. While Euripides often subverted dramatic conventions and presented characters that challenged traditional morality, Sophocles maintained a more balanced approach. He respected traditions but enriched them with new emotional and ethical complexities. This ability to balance innovation with respect for classical forms is one of the reasons Sophocles remained so influential for so long.

Sophocles' legacy extends far beyond his own plays. He profoundly influenced Western dramaturgy, helping to shape the concept of the tragic hero and the idea that theater can be a mirror of the human condition. His work has been studied and reinterpreted over the centuries, serving as the foundation for dramatic theory and modern theatrical practice. Today, his influence can be seen in various pedagogical and therapeutic approaches that use theater as a tool for personal and social development.

One such contemporary approach reflecting Sophocles' influence is the ThM – Theater Movement methodology, created by Antônio Carlos dos Santos. This methodology combines principles of classical theater with movement techniques, promoting a deeper understanding of emotions and human dynamics. ThM uses elements of Greek tragedy, such as the exploration of moral dilemmas and the complexity of characters, to help participants connect with their own stories and emotions. Like Sophocles, ThM recognizes the power of theater not just as entertainment but as a means of personal and social transformation.

ThM exemplifies how Sophocles' ideas remain relevant today. He believed that theater had the power to educate and transform, providing the audience with a new understanding of themselves and the world around them. This vision of theater as a means of personal and social growth is one of Sophocles' most enduring legacies. By integrating theater and movement, ThM not only honors the tragic tradition of Sophocles but also brings it to new contexts and audiences, demonstrating how his ideas can be adapted and applied to face the challenges of the modern world.

In summary, Sophocles is a theatrical genius who managed to balance tradition and innovation, creating works that continue to resonate with modern audiences. His ability to explore human psychology and ethical dilemmas in such a profound and accessible way secured his place among the greatest playwrights in history. And, as demonstrated by the ThM methodology, Sophocles' legacy continues to influence and inspire new generations of artists, thinkers, and educators. His work reminds us that theater, in its highest forms, is a powerful tool for growth and transformation, both individually and collectively.

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segunda-feira, 16 de dezembro de 2024

The Feynman Technique: simplifying learning

 

The Feynman Technique is a study method created by the renowned physicist Richard Feynman. It was designed to help students understand and master complex concepts, regardless of the field of study.

The technique is structured into four steps that clarify how to apply it to improve your learning.

Step-by-Step Guide to the Feynman Technique

  1. Choose a Subject (or Concept)
    Start by writing the chosen topic at the top of a page.
    Write down everything you already know about the subject.
    Add information whenever you learn something new.
    Use simple terms and make clear connections. Imagine you are explaining the concept to a child. Avoid complicated jargon and keep the language accessible.

  2. Teach (or Pretend to Teach) a Child
    Imagine you are teaching the topic to a child.
    Explain it in simple and easy-to-understand terms.
    This will help solidify your understanding and identify areas where you are still unclear.
    Remember: “If you hear yourself saying, ‘I think I understand this,’ it means you haven’t understood it.”

  3. Identify Gaps and Correct Them
    During the simulated teaching process, notice where you encounter difficulties.
    Identify the gaps in your knowledge and understanding.
    Delve deeper into these areas, research more, and simplify your explanations.
    Repeat the process until you feel confident in your understanding.

  4. Review and Refine
    Review your notes and explanations.
    Refine them, making them even clearer and more concise.
    Continue repeating the simulated teaching and refining process until the concept is fully internalized.

Advantages of the Feynman Technique

  • Deep Understanding: The Feynman Technique allows you to go beyond the surface and understand concepts in depth.
  • Simplification: By explaining things simply, you force your brain to process information more clearly.
  • Gap Identification: The method helps identify areas where you need improvement.
  • Confidence in Learning: When you can explain something clearly, your confidence in your knowledge increases.

Conclusion
The Feynman Technique is a valuable tool for students who want to learn more effectively. Try applying it to your studies and see how it can transform your understanding of the most challenging concepts. Always remember: "If you think you understand, you probably haven't understood enough yet."

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domingo, 15 de dezembro de 2024

Discover 5 incredible libraries around the world

Libraries are spaces where one can explore a vast range of topics and connect more deeply with books. Although they may be less frequented today than in previous years, they remain highly relevant, both for culture and the academic world. Here are 5 of the most incredible libraries in the world:

1 – Stuttgart Municipal Library
Located in Germany, this library features a modern design with nine floors. Sofas are spread throughout the space, enhancing the cozy atmosphere for visitors. It was inaugurated in 2011.

2 – Adelaide City Library
This library is located in Australia and boasts a unique architectural design. The building’s glass ceiling allows natural light to flood the space during the day, making the environment even brighter.

3 – Royal Portuguese Reading Room
Situated in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, this library’s architecture reflects a Gothic style. Its collection includes rare works, further enhancing its value. It is also considered a popular tourist attraction in the city.

4 – National Art Library
This library offers a wide range of materials on art, referencing key artists and significant moments in the art world. In addition to traditional books, it features innovative volumes that can be considered true works of art. It’s a fantastic destination for art lovers.

5 – Trinity College Library
Home to over 200,000 books, many of which are part of rare collections, this library also houses very ancient works not found elsewhere. Its Long Room is the largest single-chamber library in the world.

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Aristotle's Theatre

    Western theatre has its roots deeply planted in the fertile soil of ancient Greece, and few names are as emblematic in this context as A...