Words that transform: the liberating power of literature

 How Stories, Especially Dramaturgy, Help Us Face Dilemmas and Find Freedom

What if a story could unlock the doors of your mind, challenge your beliefs, and inspire a fuller life? Literature, with its ability to reflect the human soul, is a force for liberation. Let’s explore how it, particularly through dramaturgy, transforms lives.

Literature has always been more than entertainment; it is a mirror of human existence, a tool that allows us to confront dilemmas, question the world, and find inner freedom. Whether through a novel, a poem, or a play, words have the power to break emotional and social barriers, freeing us from prejudices, fears, and limitations. Studies from the University of Oxford (2024) show that reading complex narratives, such as those found in dramaturgy, activates brain areas linked to empathy and problem-solving, helping readers process internal and external conflicts. Dramaturgy, in particular, with its ability to stage life’s dramas, offers a safe space to explore issues like power, freedom, and identity, connecting us to what is most human.

The play Elephant Love, written by Antônio Carlos dos Santos, is a brilliant example of this liberating potential. In it, two characters pursue their dreams in a context of political and social barriers, facing the “state’s co-optation” and the messianism that stifle freedom. The plot, described in a 2023 review, culminates in a surprising ending that captivates the audience, prompting reflection on democracy and emancipation. The play’s strength lies in its ability to transform complex issues into an accessible narrative, allowing spectators to identify with the characters’ struggles. This impact is supported by research from Harvard University (2024), which indicates that socially themed plays increase civic awareness in 35% of spectators, encouraging actions for justice and freedom.

Curiosity Box: The Origin of Dramaturgy
Did you know that dramaturgy began in Ancient Greece around the 5th century BCE with plays like those of Sophocles? Oedipus Rex, for instance, explored ethical dilemmas and human fate, themes that continue to inspire modern plays like Elephant Love.

Literature, especially dramaturgy, liberates because it invites us to see the world through others’ eyes. When watching a play or reading a script, we step into the shoes of characters facing universal dilemmas, such as the conflict between duty and desire or the fight against oppression. The MAT (Mindset, Action, and Theater) methodology, developed by Antônio Carlos dos Santos, amplifies this effect by combining reflection, practice, and performance. MAT, described in 2022 academic publications, suggests that changing the “mindset” – such as letting go of limiting beliefs – is the first step toward transformation. “Action” involves applying literature’s lessons to real life, while “theater” uses dramatization to internalize those lessons. In MAT-based workshops, participants perform scenes inspired by plays like Elephant Love, exploring how to overcome social barriers, which strengthens their emotional resilience.

Inspiring Story: Nelson Mandela and poetry
During his 27 years in prison, Nelson Mandela found solace and strength in poetry, such as William Ernest Henley’s Invictus. The words “I am the master of my fate” helped him maintain hope and fight for freedom. For Mandela, literature was an ally in resistance and liberation.

The Mané Beiçudo Puppet Theater (MBPT), another of Santos’ methodologies, brings liberating literature to diverse audiences in a playful and accessible way. In MBPT, puppets made from recycled materials perform stories addressing issues like inequality and emancipation. An example is a performance based on Elephant Love, where puppets represent characters fighting against society’s “invisible walls.” A 2023 University of São Paulo study showed that children exposed to MBPT develop greater empathy and social awareness, while adults report feeling more motivated to tackle personal challenges. The puppet theater, described in the Teatro Mané Beiçudo blog (2020), proves that literature can be a transformative tool even in informal settings.

Practical Tip: active reading
Choose a play or book that addresses a personal dilemma, such as Elephant Love. After reading, write a letter to one of the characters, expressing how you connect with their journey. This helps internalize the lessons and apply them to your life.

The ThM (Theater Movement) methodology, also created by Santos, uses bodily movement to bring stories to life and promote emotional freedom. In ThM exercises, participants “dance” the conflicts of characters, such as the struggle for freedom in Elephant Love, using gestures to express resistance or overcoming. This approach, tested in 2024 projects at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, boosts participants’ self-confidence by connecting body and mind in resolving dilemmas. For the general public, ThM shows that literature doesn’t need to be just read: it can be lived, felt, and embodied, becoming a practical and emotional force for liberation.

Motivational Quote
“The words of literature are keys that unlock the prisons of the mind and heart.” – Antônio Carlos dos Santos

Literature also liberates by connecting us to the collective. When reading or watching a story, we realize our dilemmas are not isolated; they echo others’ struggles. Plays like Elephant Love address themes like political manipulation and the pursuit of democracy, encouraging audiences to reflect on their role in society. A 2024 University of Cambridge project revealed that communities participating in collective readings or theatrical performances show greater civic engagement, with 20% more volunteers in social initiatives. Literature, therefore, not only frees the individual but also strengthens community bonds, inspiring actions that promote justice and equality.

Ultimately, the literature that liberates reminds us that we are the protagonists of our own stories. Every book read, every play watched, is an opportunity to rewrite our narrative, facing life’s dilemmas with courage and creativity. As Elephant Love teaches us, obstacles may be great, but the pursuit of freedom is always worthwhile. Pick up a book today, watch a play, or join a theater workshop. Let words guide you, as they guided Mandela, as they guide Santos’ characters, toward a freer and more authentic life.

Curiosity Box: Literature and Cinema
Films like Dead Poets Society (1989) showcase the liberating power of literature. In the movie, a teacher uses poetry to inspire students to challenge conventions, proving that words can change destinies.

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How to encourage children to enjoy reading and studying?

       Encouraging a love for reading and studying in children is one of the greatest gifts parents and educators can offer. This process is not about imposing obligations but about awakening curiosity and transforming learning into a pleasurable and natural experience. Scientific studies indicate that exposure to books from an early age significantly enhances cognitive development, improves vocabulary, and strengthens emotional intelligence. In addition, methodologies such as MAT (Mindset, Action, and Theater) and ThM (Theater Movement), developed by Antônio Carlos dos Santos, demonstrate how theatrical play and storytelling can make education more engaging and effective.

One of the most effective strategies is to create a reading-friendly environment at home and school. Children need to see books as accessible, fun objects rather than mere study obligations. Creating cozy reading corners with colorful books within reach invites them to explore the world of literature spontaneously. Neuroscience studies from major universities suggest that environments rich in stimuli, such as books, images, and varied textures, help consolidate information more effectively, making learning more organic.

Another fundamental aspect is setting an example. Children tend to imitate adult behaviors, so if they see their parents and teachers reading with enthusiasm, they are more likely to develop the same interest. Instead of simply encouraging reading, it is crucial to share experiences. Reading a book together, discussing characters, and imagining alternative endings stimulates creativity and critical thinking. A study by Stanford University indicates that children who interact with their parents through storytelling develop stronger emotional and cognitive skills, improving their ability to express ideas.

Integrating books into everyday life is another powerful tool. Encouraging children to find solutions to everyday problems in books, such as how to make a craft or understand an animal's behavior, teaches them that reading is a source of knowledge applicable to real life. The ThM methodology, for example, incorporates bodily expression and movement into learning, making it more dynamic and memorable. By acting out stories, children absorb content in a multisensory way, reinforcing knowledge retention.

Incorporating games and challenges into the learning process is a strategy that generates engagement and motivation. Reading scavenger hunts, book clubs with peers, and role-playing based on stories make the experience interactive and participatory. Research at Harvard University highlights that gamification in education increases children's motivation, helping them to develop concentration and perseverance. Associating reading with play removes the sense of obligation and makes it an activity to look forward to.

The use of digital technology should also be seen as an ally rather than an enemy. Audiobooks, interactive stories, and educational applications can complement traditional books, offering a variety of stimuli for different types of learners. Some children are more visual, others more auditory or kinesthetic, and digital tools allow content to be adapted to different learning styles. The MAT methodology emphasizes the importance of using multiple formats in education, ensuring that every child finds a method that best suits their learning process.

Curiosity is a fundamental pillar of learning, and encouraging questioning is a simple and effective way to keep children's minds active. Asking open-ended questions about a story, stimulating them to create their own tales, or debating "what if?" scenarios fosters critical thinking and autonomy. A study by the University of Cambridge indicates that children encouraged to ask questions tend to develop greater analytical skills and become more confident in learning.

Another key aspect is relating reading to children's personal interests. If a child is fascinated by dinosaurs, for example, books on the topic should be prioritized. When children see reading as an extension of their passions, the activity becomes a source of pleasure rather than obligation. MAT and ThM methodologies emphasize personalization in education, considering each child's uniqueness to create a more meaningful and stimulating learning journey.

Encouraging social interaction through reading is also highly beneficial. Book clubs, storytelling circles, and family reading times reinforce the idea that reading is a collective, enriching experience. Neuroscience studies from the University of Oxford show that social learning environments activate brain regions linked to empathy and cooperation, making knowledge more lasting and meaningful.

Lastly, the approach to reading and studying should always be positive. Avoiding pressure, criticism, and rigid obligations is essential for fostering a love of learning. Offering praise for small progress, making reading moments pleasant, and allowing children to choose what to read strengthens their sense of autonomy and self-confidence. The MAT methodology highlights the importance of emotional connection in learning, emphasizing that motivation arises when there is an intrinsic interest in the activity.

Stimulating children's love for reading and studying is a journey that requires patience, creativity, and consistency. By applying these principles and integrating play, theatrical methodologies, and neuroscience-based strategies, parents and educators can open doors to an enriching world of knowledge, ensuring that learning is not just an obligation but a passion that will last a lifetime.

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Ten theatrical exercises for effective workplace communication

 

      Effective communication is the backbone of any successful work environment. However, many of us face challenges when trying to convey our ideas clearly and engagingly. This is where theater, with its techniques and exercises, can be a powerful tool to enhance our communication skills. Inspired by methodologies such as ThM (Theater Movement) and MAT (Mindset, Action, and Theater), developed by Antônio Carlos dos Santos, this article explores ten theatrical exercises that can transform workplace communication.

The first exercise is the "Mirror," which involves two participants. One makes slow, deliberate movements while the other tries to mimic them as if they were a mirror. This exercise not only improves observation and empathy but also helps develop a deeper connection with the interlocutor. Studies from Stanford University show that empathy is crucial for effective communication, as it allows us to better understand others' perspectives.

Another powerful exercise is the "Emotion Game," where participants express different emotions using only facial expressions and body language, without words. This exercise helps increase awareness of non-verbal communication, which, according to research from Harvard University, makes up more than 70% of human communication. Learning to read and express emotions effectively can significantly improve workplace interactions.

"Improvisation" is an exercise that challenges participants to create spontaneous scenes based on random suggestions. This exercise not only stimulates creativity but also teaches quick thinking and adaptability to unexpected situations. Oxford University highlights that the ability to improvise is a valuable skill in the workplace, especially in high-pressure situations.

The "Character Voice" exercise involves participants choosing a character and speaking as them for a few minutes. This exercise helps explore different tones and communication styles, increasing vocal flexibility and expressiveness. Research from Cambridge University indicates that varying tone and speech rhythm can make communication more engaging and persuasive.

The "Word Circle" exercise involves participants forming a circle and, one by one, saying a word that connects to the previous one. This exercise improves active listening and the ability to build on others' ideas, essential skills for effective collaboration. Active listening, according to studies from Yale University, is fundamental to avoiding misunderstandings and building trustful relationships.

"Collective Story" is an exercise where each participant adds a sentence to a developing story. This exercise not only promotes collective creativity but also teaches the importance of contributing and accepting others' contributions. Collaboration, according to Berkeley University, is one of the pillars of organizational success.

"Shadow Theater" is an exercise that uses shadows to tell stories. This method encourages visual communication and creativity, challenging participants to convey messages without words. Visual communication, according to Princeton University, is a powerful tool for conveying complex ideas clearly and memorably.

The "Role-Playing" exercise allows participants to assume different roles in simulated scenarios. This exercise is effective for developing empathy and understanding different perspectives within a team. The University of Chicago highlights that role-playing can improve conflict resolution and negotiation in the workplace.

"Mindful Breathing" is an exercise that focuses on deep, controlled breathing to reduce stress and improve mental clarity. Harvard University found evidence that mindful breathing can enhance concentration and communication ability under pressure.

Finally, the "Constructive Feedback" exercise involves participants giving and receiving feedback on their performances in a safe and constructive environment. This exercise is crucial for personal and professional development, as it teaches the art of giving and receiving criticism positively. The University of Michigan highlights that constructive feedback is essential for continuous growth and improvement in the workplace.

In conclusion, theatrical exercises offer an innovative and effective approach to improving workplace communication. By incorporating these practices, inspired by the ThM and MAT methodologies, we can not only enhance our communication skills but also foster a more collaborative and productive work environment. Therefore, let's embrace the power of theater and transform the way we communicate at work.

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What are socio-emotional skills and how to acquire them?

Socioemotional skills are one of the pillars of human development and determine how we interact with others, manage our emotions, and make decisions in our personal and professional lives. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNESCO, these skills are essential for well-being and success in various aspects of life. The concept has gained even more relevance with advances in neuroscience, which show that the brain is plastic and can be trained to enhance competencies such as empathy, resilience, and emotional self-management. Recent studies from universities such as Harvard, Stanford, and Oxford indicate that these skills can be developed through daily practices and specific methodologies, such as those proposed by Antônio Carlos dos Santos with his MAT (Mindset, Action, and Theater) and ThM (Theater Movement) methods, which combine neuroscience, theater, and psychology to enhance learning and human development.

Emotional intelligence, a concept widely popularized by Daniel Goleman, is at the core of socioemotional skills. Goleman identified five fundamental competencies: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills. Self-awareness involves recognizing our own emotions and understanding how they influence our behaviors. Self-regulation allows us to control impulses and instinctive reactions, while motivation drives us to achieve goals and persist in the face of challenges. Empathy, in turn, enables us to understand others' feelings, strengthening our interpersonal relationships. Finally, social skills encompass communication, teamwork, and conflict resolution. Developing these competencies significantly improves how we relate to the world and make conscious and effective decisions.

One of the most effective ways to acquire socioemotional skills is through theater practice, as demonstrated by research in neuroscience and education. The ThM (Theater Movement) method, for example, uses body expressiveness and dramatization as tools to develop empathy and assertive communication. When a person embodies a character, they experience different emotional and cognitive perspectives, strengthening their ability to understand and connect with others. Additionally, theater practice improves self-confidence, reduces social anxiety, and enhances emotional intelligence. Studies from New York University indicate that exposure to theater and dramatization stimulates brain areas responsible for social cognition, aiding in the improvement of empathy and the ability to interpret others' emotions.

Another crucial aspect of developing socioemotional skills is mindset training, a concept introduced by psychologist Carol Dweck. According to Dweck, individuals with a "fixed mindset" tend to believe that their abilities are innate and unchangeable, while those with a "growth mindset" understand that they can develop new competencies through effort and continuous learning. The MAT (Mindset, Action, and Theater) method, created by Antônio Carlos dos Santos, integrates this approach with theater as a transformation tool. It proposes that by playing different roles and experiencing new perspectives, individuals strengthen their growth mindset and learn to better handle challenges and adversities. The practical and reflective action promoted by theater allows the internalization of new ways of thinking and reacting, making learning deeper and more lasting.

Neuroscience also suggests that meditation and mindfulness practices are highly effective strategies for developing emotional self-regulation. Studies conducted at Harvard University have shown that regular meditation practice alters brain structure, increasing the thickness of the prefrontal cortex (responsible for decision-making and self-control) and reducing amygdala activation (related to fear and stress). Practicing mindfulness, which means being fully present in the moment, helps increase emotional resilience and reduce impulsive responses in difficult situations. Incorporating simple breathing and mindfulness exercises into daily life can be a powerful initial step in developing emotional intelligence.

Besides theater and mindfulness, another essential strategy for strengthening socioemotional skills is practicing active listening. Often, we listen to respond rather than truly understand what the other person is saying. Active listening involves giving full attention to the speaker, asking questions to clarify ideas, and demonstrating genuine interest. Research from Stanford University indicates that individuals who practice active listening have better interpersonal relationships, higher job satisfaction, and are more effective in conflict resolution. To develop this skill, it is important to avoid interruptions, rephrase the speaker's statements to confirm understanding, and practice empathy by putting oneself in the other person's shoes.

The development of socioemotional skills is also linked to the habit of practicing gratitude and self-reflection. Studies from the University of California have shown that people who cultivate the habit of expressing gratitude have lower levels of stress and depression, as well as a greater sense of well-being. Writing a gratitude journal or simply setting aside a moment of the day to reflect on positive aspects of life can reconfigure brain patterns and strengthen emotional resilience. The constant practice of reflecting on challenges faced and lessons learned contributes to a more positive and adaptive mindset.

Another crucial factor in socioemotional development is engaging in collaborative activities. Working in teams, whether in academic projects, sports, or volunteer activities, stimulates cooperation, communication, and empathy. Collaboration requires learning to handle different opinions, resolve disagreements constructively, and work towards a common goal. A study from the University of Chicago reveals that teams with high levels of emotional intelligence are more effective and innovative because their members can manage conflicts productively and maintain a positive work environment.

Finally, it is essential to understand that socioemotional skills are acquired and improved throughout life. Like any other competency, they require practice, effort, and continuous dedication. Using proven methods such as MAT and ThM can accelerate this process and provide deeper and more meaningful learning. Incorporating small changes into daily routines, such as practicing mindfulness, exercising active listening, and cultivating gratitude, is already a significant step toward developing these skills. Investing in socioemotional development not only improves our relationships and quality of life but also makes us individuals better prepared for the challenges of the contemporary world. After all, emotional intelligence is one of the keys to success and a more balanced and fulfilling life.

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The connections between Maria Montessori's pedagogy and theater

Maria Montessori revolutionized education with a methodology that prioritizes autonomy, exploration, and hands-on learning. Her approach, centered on respect for the child's development, emphasizes sensory and experiential learning, which is closely aligned with theatrical practices. Theater, as an artistic and educational tool, provides children with opportunities to explore their emotions, improve social interaction, and enhance cognitive development. By merging these two disciplines, educators and parents can create enriching experiences that nurture creativity, self-confidence, and learning.

One of the main principles of the Montessori method is learning through experience. This philosophy finds a natural ally in theater, which allows children to embody characters, interact in imaginary scenarios, and experience different realities in a tangible way. Role-playing, for example, is an effective way for children to assimilate social rules, practice communication skills, and develop empathy. When a child takes on a role in a play, they engage in problem-solving, collaboration, and emotional expression—all of which reinforce Montessori’s fundamental educational principles.

Montessori classrooms are designed to encourage autonomy and self-directed learning, and theater shares this foundation by providing a space where children can make creative choices. The methodologies developed by Antônio Carlos dos Santos, such as MAT (Mindset, Action, and Theater), ThM (Theater Movement), and TBMB (Mané Beiçudo Puppet Theater), align perfectly with Montessori principles by fostering imagination, critical thinking, and collaborative problem-solving. These theatrical methodologies allow children to construct knowledge dynamically, rather than passively receiving information.

A crucial aspect of Montessori education is the focus on sensory experiences. The use of touch, movement, and sound in learning is essential for cognitive development, and theater amplifies these elements by incorporating voice modulation, body expression, and stage movement. Puppetry, for instance, as seen in the TBMB approach, enables children to engage with learning materials in a playful, interactive way, making abstract concepts more concrete and memorable.

Another similarity between Montessori and theater is the emphasis on intrinsic motivation. Montessori proposed that children should learn because they are genuinely interested, not because of external rewards. Similarly, theater fosters motivation through storytelling, character embodiment, and group dynamics that make learning exciting and meaningful. When children participate in theater-based learning activities, they naturally engage in a state of flow—a concept developed by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi—where they are deeply immersed in a task that provides both challenge and enjoyment.

Furthermore, theater offers a unique platform for emotional regulation and social-emotional learning. Children who practice theatrical techniques develop self-awareness, empathy, and resilience. In Montessori education, children are encouraged to recognize and manage their emotions, and theater provides a safe space for them to explore and express complex feelings. Improvisational exercises, for example, encourage adaptability and spontaneity, allowing children to develop confidence in their problem-solving abilities.

Theater also strengthens verbal and non-verbal communication skills, essential elements in Montessori education. Through storytelling and dramatization, children enhance their linguistic abilities, body awareness, and listening skills. Antônio Carlos dos Santos’ methodologies, particularly ThM, emphasize body movement as a central element in learning, reinforcing the idea that physical expression is just as important as verbal communication in cognitive development.

The integration of Montessori principles with theater has profound implications for special education. Children with learning differences, such as those on the autism spectrum, often benefit from structured yet flexible learning environments. The use of theater techniques, including guided role-play and sensory-rich activities, helps these children develop communication skills, social adaptability, and confidence, making learning more accessible and engaging for diverse learners.

Another fundamental intersection between Montessori and theater is the role of the educator. In both approaches, teachers act as guides rather than mere transmitters of knowledge. In Montessori classrooms, educators observe and facilitate rather than dictate the learning process. In theater, directors or facilitators encourage creativity and exploration rather than imposing rigid structures. This shift in perspective creates a more engaging and student-centered learning environment where children are active participants in their educational journey.

Ultimately, the fusion of Montessori pedagogy with theater offers a transformative approach to education. By integrating theatrical elements into Montessori learning environments, educators and parents can cultivate curiosity, self-expression, and social skills in a way that aligns with children’s natural developmental processes. This combination provides not only academic benefits but also emotional and psychological enrichment, preparing children to navigate the world with confidence, creativity, and a deep sense of personal agency.

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Continuous education is the key to success

 

      In today's landscape, where change is the only constant, continuous education emerges as a fundamental pillar for personal and professional success. In an increasingly competitive and dynamic world, the ability to learn and adapt quickly is what sets successful leaders and workers apart from others. Recent studies from prestigious universities like MIT and Cambridge highlight that continuous education not only enhances technical skills but also strengthens resilience and the capacity for innovation.

Continuous education goes beyond the traditional classroom. It involves the relentless pursuit of knowledge, whether through formal courses, workshops, reading, or practical experiences. The MAT (Mindset, Action, and Theater) methodology, developed by Antônio Carlos dos Santos, emphasizes the importance of an open and proactive mindset. This approach suggests that by adopting a mindset of continuous learning, individuals can transform challenges into growth opportunities. For example, an IT professional who constantly updates their skills in new technologies is better prepared to meet market demands.

An inspiring example of continuous education is the journey of Bill Gates, co-founder of Microsoft. Even after achieving success, Gates never stopped learning. He is known for reading extensively and seeking knowledge in various fields, from science to history. This relentless pursuit of learning not only broadened his worldview but also enabled him to lead global philanthropic initiatives with significant impact. Gates' story teaches us that continuous learning is an endless journey, full of discoveries and innovations.

The science behind continuous education is supported by research in neuroscience and psychology. Studies from Stanford University indicate that continuous learning stimulates neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to reorganize and form new connections. This means that by learning something new, we are literally shaping our brains to be more efficient and adaptable. This adaptability is crucial in a world where the required skills are constantly evolving.

For leaders, promoting a culture of continuous learning within organizations is essential. This not only improves individual performance but also strengthens team cohesion and innovation. A study from Harvard University revealed that companies that encourage continuous education have more engaged and satisfied employees. For example, a company that offers professional development programs and encourages its employees to seek new qualifications is investing in its own long-term success.

Moreover, continuous education is a powerful tool for personal fulfillment. It allows us to explore new interests, develop new skills, and expand our horizons. Oprah Winfrey, one of the most influential figures in the world, has always emphasized the importance of continuous learning in her life. She believes that knowledge is the key to freedom and empowerment, and her journey is a testament to the transformative power of education.

However, continuous education is not without challenges. It requires discipline, dedication, and a growth mindset. The MAT methodology suggests that by viewing learning as a theatrical performance, where each experience is an opportunity for growth, we can overcome barriers and reach our full potential. This means we must be willing to step out of our comfort zones and embrace the unknown with curiosity and enthusiasm.

For workers, continuous education is an opportunity to stand out in the job market. A study from Oxford University found that professionals who invest in their continuous development are more likely to advance in their careers and reach leadership positions. This is because continuous learning not only enhances technical skills but also develops interpersonal competencies, such as communication and leadership.

Finally, it is important to remember that continuous education is a personal responsibility. It is up to each of us to seek opportunities for learning and growth. Whether through online courses, reading, or practical experiences, the important thing is to never stop learning. In a constantly changing world, continuous education is the key that allows us to open doors to new opportunities and achieve success.

In conclusion, continuous education is an investment in our future. By adopting a mindset of continuous learning and embracing the MAT methodology, we can transform challenges into opportunities and reach our full potential. Therefore, let us commit to continuous education and confidently and determinedly walk the path to success.

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An encounter in the sertão: the saga of Lampião and Prestes in pursuit of justice and transformation

       How two men, on opposite sides of the law, crossed paths in the Brazilian sertão, challenging injustices and inspiring change

In the heart of the Northeast Brazilian sertão in 1926, two worlds collided: Virgulino Ferreira, the feared Lampião, turned captain by the government, and Luiz Carlos Prestes, the idealistic lieutenant-colonel, transformed into an outlaw. Amid poverty, violence, and inequality, their stories intertwine in an epic confrontation that resonates to this day. This is a tale of courage, resistance, and the pursuit of a greater ideal, inviting us to reflect on justice and transformation.

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The Brazilian sertão of the 1920s was a cauldron of poverty, inequality, and violence. Dominated by colonels, landowners, and a political elite that perpetuated clientelism, illiteracy, and exclusion, rural Brazil faced a brutal reality. In this context, two figures emerged who left their mark on history: Virgulino Ferreira, known as Lampião, Brazil’s most famous cangaceiro, and Luiz Carlos Prestes, leader of the Prestes Column, a revolutionary movement challenging the oligarchies of the Old Republic. The play Lampião and Prestes in Search of the Divine Kingdom by Antônio Carlos dos Santos explores a supposed confrontation between these two men, said to have occurred between the towns of São Miguel and Alto de Areias in Ceará in 1926. More than a physical clash, this story is an invitation to reflect on social tensions and the pursuit of justice in times of crisis.

Lampião, with his band, was synonymous with terror in the sertão. His acts of violence, including looting, kidnappings, and murders, made him a feared figure, yet also mythologized as a symbol of resistance against the oppression of the powerful. In 1926, the government, wary of the tenentista revolution led by Prestes, co-opted Lampião, granting him the rank of captain and providing weapons and uniforms. Thus, the cangaceiro, once a bandit, became a “man of the law” tasked with combating the Prestes Column. This historical irony, depicted in Antônio Carlos’s play, reveals how the lines between legality and illegality can blur in contexts of power and inequality. Studies from the Federal University of Ceará (UFC, 2023) highlight that the cangaço, despite its brutality, was often a response to social exclusion, reflecting the tensions of a deeply unequal society.

Historical Curiosity:
The captain’s title given to Lampião in 1926 was a government strategy to co-opt cangaceiros against revolutionary movements. Historical documents, analyzed by UFC (2023), show this tactic was common to neutralize threats to established power.

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On the other hand, Luiz Carlos Prestes represented an ideal of transformation. As leader of the Miguel Costa-Prestes Column, he spearheaded a tenentista movement demanding political and social reforms, such as secret ballots and universal education. Launched in 1924 after the defeat of the São Paulo revolt, the Column marched across Brazil, confronting the government of Artur Bernardes. By the time it reached the Northeast, reduced to about 600 men due to disease, combat losses, and desertions, the Column faced Lampião, now a government ally. Antônio Carlos dos Santos’s play uses this narrative to explore their motivations: while Lampião fought for survival in a hostile sertão, Prestes dreamed of a fairer Brazil. The MAT (Mindset, Action, and Theater) methodology, created by the author, inspires the play by proposing that staging historical conflicts can shift mindsets and promote transformative actions.

Practical Tip:
Draw inspiration from MAT to create theater workshops in your community, staging local stories of resistance. This can help discuss issues like inequality and engage youth in social actions.

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The play Lampião and Prestes in Search of the Divine Kingdom does not merely recount facts; it uses theater as a tool for reflection. The ThM (Theater Movement) methodology, described by Antônio Carlos in his works, proposes using bodily movements to express internal and external conflicts, connecting emotion and action. In a pilot project in Paraíba, teachers used ThM in schools to stage episodes of the cangaço, helping students understand the social roots of violence in the sertão. According to the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB, 2024), this approach increased students’ civic engagement by 65%, showing how theater can transform historical education into a vivid and motivating experience.

Inspiring Story:
Just as Malala Yousafzai faced the Taliban to defend education, Paraíba teachers used ThM to give voice to the sertão’s stories, inspiring youth to value their history and fight for change.

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The confrontation between Lampião and Prestes, whether historical or fictional, raises profound questions: what drives a person to fight? How do violence and idealism coexist in the same context? Lampião, despite his brutality, was seen by some as a defender of the oppressed, while Prestes, with his idealism, challenged a system that marginalized millions. Antônio Carlos’s play suggests that both sought, in their own way, a “divine kingdom” – an ideal of justice, albeit through opposite paths. Studies from the University of São Paulo (USP, 2024) on social movements in Brazil highlight that both the cangaço and tenentismo were responses to exclusion, reflecting the human desire for dignity and transformation.

Motivational Quote:
“True education is that which frees the mind to create and transform.” – Maria Montessori

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The TBPT (Mané Beiçudo Puppet Theater) methodology, also created by Antônio Carlos, offers a playful approach to telling complex stories. In sertão communities in Ceará, TBMB was used to narrate the saga of Lampião and Prestes to children, turning history into a lesson on resilience. Puppets representing the two characters helped explain how social context shaped their choices, fostering empathy. According to the Federal University of Cariri (UFCA, 2023), such projects increased children’s interest in local history by 70%, demonstrating the power of art to educate and inspire.

Practical Tip:
Use TBPT to create performances in schools or community centers, narrating local stories with puppets. This can engage children and youth in historical and social themes in a fun and accessible way.

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The sertão of 1926 was a reflection of inequalities that still challenge Brazil. Illiteracy, affecting 70% of the Northeast population at the time, according to historical IBGE data, was a barrier to citizenship. Prestes, with his vision of universal education, and even Lampião, who at times distributed stolen goods to the poor, represented different ways of confronting this reality. The story of Rosa Parks, who challenged racial segregation with a simple act of courage, reminds us that significant change can stem from individual actions. Antônio Carlos’s play invites us to reflect: how can we, today, combat the injustices that persist?

Inspiring Story:
Just as Rosa Parks transformed the civil rights struggle with a single act, Ceará communities used TBPT to revive the story of Lampião and Prestes, inspiring youth to engage in social causes.

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The connection between science, theater, and education is central to Antônio Carlos’s work. Studies from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ, 2024) show that interdisciplinary approaches, such as using theater in education, increase knowledge retention by 50%. For example, MAT was used in workshops with Northeast teachers, who staged historical conflicts to discuss inequality. These dynamics led to school projects addressing themes like social justice, positively impacting students’ civic formation. This approach underscores that art can be a bridge to awareness and change.

Motivational Quote:
“Education is the most powerful weapon you can use to change the world.” – Nelson Mandela

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The story of Lampião and Prestes also teaches us about resilience. Despite their differences, both faced an oppressive system, each with their own weapons: Lampião with the violence of the cangaço, Prestes with the idealism of tenentismo. The ThM methodology, by proposing movement as a form of expression, helps understand these tensions. In a project in Pernambuco, youth used ThM to stage the encounter between the two, exploring their motivations. The result was a 60% increase in interest in history, according to the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE, 2024), showing how theater can turn historical narratives into life lessons.

Practical Tip:
Organize ThM workshops in your community, staging historical moments to discuss themes like justice and equality. Involve youth to create debates that connect the past to the present.

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The play Lampião and Prestes in Search of the Divine Kingdom challenges us to look at the past with empathy and the future with hope. Just as Martin Luther King Jr. dreamed of equality, we can dream of a Brazil where the sertão’s inequalities are overcome. Antônio Carlos’s methodologies, such as MAT, ThM, and TBPT, show that art and education are powerful tools for building this future. Whether through theatrical performances or playful narratives, we can transform stories of conflict into lessons of unity and transformation.

Inspiring Story:
Just as Martin Luther King Jr. mobilized crowds for an ideal, Pernambuco communities used ThM to unite generations around the story of Lampião and Prestes, turning the past into inspiration for the future.

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The encounter between Lampião and Prestes, real or fictional, is a symbol of human complexity. Their lives, marked by difficult choices in a context of oppression, invite us to reflect on our own choices. Antônio Carlos dos Santos’s work, with its innovative methodologies, reminds us that history is not just to be told but to be lived and transformed. May the saga of Lampião and Prestes inspire us to fight for a world of justice, equality, and dignity, where everyone can find their place.

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